Marks & Spencer Group
ISIN GB0031274896
|WKN 534418
Overview
Quote
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Description
Marks & Spencer Group Plc engages in the retail of clothes, food, and home products. It operates through the following segments: UK Clothing and Home, UK Food, International, Ocado, and All Other. The UK Clothing and Home segment retails womenswear, menswear, lingerie, kidswear and home products. The UK Food segment includes the results of the UK retail food business and UK Food franchise operations. The International segment is composed of Marks and Spencer owned businesses in Europe and Asia and the international franchise operations. The Ocado segment represents the group's share of profits or losses from the investment in Ocado Retail Limited. The All Other segment covers other business activities and operating segments, including M&S Bank and M&S Energy. The company was founded by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer on September 28, 1884 and is headquartered in London, the United Kingdom.
Consumer Non-Cyclicals Food and Staples Retail Food and Beverage Retail United Kingdom
Chart
Financials
Key metrics
| Market capitalisation, EUR | 9,378.81 m |
| EPS, EUR | - |
| P/B ratio | 2.52 |
| P/E ratio | 14.99 |
| Dividend yield | 0.79% |
Income statement (2023)
| Revenue, EUR | 15,113.06 m |
| Net income, EUR | 499.75 m |
| Profit margin | 3.31% |
What ETF is Marks & Spencer Group in?
There are 85 ETFs which contain Marks & Spencer Group. All of these ETFs are listed in the table below. The ETF with the largest weighting of Marks & Spencer Group is the First Trust United Kingdom AlphaDEX UCITS ETF Dist.
| ETF | Weight | Investment focus | Holdings | TER | Fund size (in m EUR) | Return 1Y | WKN | ISIN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Invesco FTSE All Share ESG Climate UCITS ETF Acc | 1.52% | Equity United Kingdom Social/Environmental Climate Change | 80 | 0.12% | 23 | +13.33% | A3C4YX | IE0003RA2ZR3 |
| iShares STOXX Europe 600 UCITS ETF (DE) EUR (Acc) | 0.08% | Equity Europe | 600 | 0.20% | 645 | +8.46% | A2QP4B | DE000A2QP4B6 |
| UBS ETF (IE) MSCI UK IMI Socially Responsible UCITS ETF (GBP) A-dis | 0.90% | Equity United Kingdom Social/Environmental | 147 | 0.23% | 834 | +14.32% | A11477 | IE00BMP3HN93 |
| iShares MSCI UK Small Cap UCITS ETF (Acc) | 2.44% | Equity United Kingdom Small Cap | 225 | 0.58% | 188 | +10.58% | A0X8R9 | IE00B3VWLG82 |
| iShares MSCI UK IMI ESG Leaders UCITS ETF GBP (Dist) | 0.97% | Equity United Kingdom Social/Environmental | 154 | 0.15% | 34 | +11.54% | A2QGKT | IE00BMDBMH44 |
| iShares Core FTSE 100 UCITS ETF USD Hedged (Acc) | 0.38% | Equity United Kingdom | 102 | 0.20% | 200 | +15.14% | A2H5ET | IE00BYZ28W67 |
| HSBC UK Sustainable Equity UCITS ETF GBP | 0.70% | Equity United Kingdom Social/Environmental | 81 | 0.12% | 18 | +15.17% | A2PXVP | IE00BKY53D40 |
| Xtrackers FTSE 100 UCITS ETF 1C | 0.38% | Equity United Kingdom | 100 | 0.09% | 65 | +13.72% | DBX0NF | LU0838780707 |
| Invesco FTSE RAFI All World 3000 UCITS ETF | 0.07% | Equity World Fundamental/Quality | 1,200 | 0.39% | 67 | +18.96% | A0M2EN | IE00B23LNQ02 |
| Vanguard FTSE All-World UCITS ETF (USD) Accumulating | 0.01% | Equity World | 3,599 | 0.22% | 15,396 | +26.13% | A2PKXG | IE00BK5BQT80 |
| HSBC Europe Sustainable Equity UCITS ETF EUR | 0.23% | Equity Europe Social/Environmental | 246 | 0.15% | 33 | +9.22% | A2PXVM | IE00BKY55W78 |
| iShares STOXX Europe 600 UCITS ETF (DE) | 0.08% | Equity Europe | 600 | 0.20% | 6,091 | +8.37% | 263530 | DE0002635307 |
| JPMorgan UK Equity Core UCITS ETF GBP (acc) | 0.56% | Equity United Kingdom | 162 | 0.25% | 252 | +14.45% | A3DMXR | IE0009YQE5W1 |
| L&G Gerd Kommer Multifactor Equity UCITS ETF USD Distributing | 0.04% | Equity World Multi-Factor Strategy | 3,647 | 0.50% | 65 | +20.95% | WELT0B | IE000FPWSL69 |
| Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF GBP PfHdg Dist | 0.00% | Equity World | 2,396 | 0.20% | 7 | +27.51% | A3EC3G | IE000UJC4MR1 |
| UBS ETF (IE) MSCI World Small Cap Socially Responsible UCITS ETF (USD) A-dis | 0.51% | Equity World Small Cap | 762 | 0.23% | 11 | +13.33% | A3CMCU | IE00BKSCBW67 |
| Amundi MSCI Europe Small Cap ESG Climate Net Zero Ambition CTB UCITS ETF Acc | 0.87% | Equity Europe Small Cap Climate Change | 832 | 0.23% | 113 | +7.82% | A2H566 | LU1681041544 |
| Xtrackers Europe Biodiversity Focus SRI UCITS ETF 1C | 0.62% | Equity Europe Social/Environmental | 271 | 0.30% | 8 | +9.35% | DBX0UR | IE000VMAR5O6 |
| L&G Europe ESG Exclusions Paris Aligned UCITS ETF EUR Accumulating | 0.11% | Equity Europe Social/Environmental Climate Change | 475 | 0.16% | 209 | +8.73% | A2PRHB | IE00BKLTRN76 |
| Xtrackers STOXX Europe 600 UCITS ETF 1C | 0.08% | Equity Europe | 603 | 0.20% | 2,567 | +8.20% | DBX1A7 | LU0328475792 |
| Invesco FTSE RAFI UK 100 UCITS ETF | 0.53% | Equity United Kingdom Fundamental/Quality | 96 | 0.39% | 13 | +15.28% | A0M2EL | IE00B23LNN70 |
| Vanguard FTSE All-World High Dividend Yield UCITS ETF Acc | 0.03% | Equity World Dividend | 2,116 | 0.29% | 775 | +17.09% | A2PLTB | IE00BK5BR626 |
| Vanguard FTSE Developed World UCITS ETF Acc | 0.01% | Equity World | 2,013 | 0.12% | 3,328 | +27.37% | A2PLS9 | IE00BK5BQV03 |
| iShares Core FTSE 100 UCITS ETF EUR Hedged (Acc) | 0.38% | Equity United Kingdom | 102 | 0.10% | 6 | - | A40KHW | IE000HARJEE2 |
| Invesco FTSE RAFI Europe UCITS ETF Dist | 0.15% | Equity Europe Fundamental/Quality | 486 | 0.39% | 10 | +8.98% | A0M2EC | IE00B23D8X81 |
| Amundi Index Equity Global Multi Smart Allocation Scientific Beta UCITS ETF DR USD | 0.04% | Equity World Multi-Factor Strategy | 1,094 | 0.40% | 3 | +21.30% | A2DR4L | LU1602145200 |
| Xtrackers MSCI UK ESG UCITS ETF 1D | 0.84% | Equity United Kingdom Social/Environmental | 132 | 0.18% | 504 | +16.43% | DBX1FA | LU0292097747 |
| JPMorgan UK Equity Core UCITS ETF GBP (dist) | 0.56% | Equity United Kingdom | 162 | 0.25% | 72 | +14.40% | A3DMXS | IE000TZT3JJ0 |
| HSBC Developed World Sustainable Equity UCITS ETF USD (Dist) | 0.03% | Equity World Social/Environmental | 783 | 0.18% | 63 | +23.24% | A3DQV2 | IE000ZGT8JM8 |
| SPDR MSCI ACWI IMI UCITS ETF USD Unhedged (Acc) | 0.00% | Equity World | 3,576 | 0.17% | 2,175 | +25.00% | A1JJTD | IE00B3YLTY66 |
| Amundi MSCI UK IMI SRI PAB UCITS ETF DR EUR (D) | 1.16% | Equity United Kingdom Social/Environmental | 113 | 0.18% | 1 | +12.43% | A3CV84 | LU2368674631 |
| Xtrackers FTSE 100 UCITS ETF Income 1D | 0.38% | Equity United Kingdom | 100 | 0.09% | 73 | +13.54% | DBX1F1 | LU0292097234 |
| Vanguard ESG Global All Cap UCITS ETF (USD) Distributing | 0.01% | Equity World Social/Environmental | 5,774 | 0.24% | 407 | +26.93% | A2QL8V | IE00BNG8L385 |
| HSBC Europe Sustainable Equity UCITS ETF EUR (Dist) | 0.23% | Equity Europe Social/Environmental | 246 | 0.15% | 1 | +9.74% | A3DN5G | IE000WARATZ3 |
| Vanguard FTSE 100 UCITS ETF Distributing | 0.37% | Equity United Kingdom | 100 | 0.09% | 4,355 | +13.76% | A1JX54 | IE00B810Q511 |
| SPDR MSCI ACWI IMI UCITS ETF USD Unhedged (Dist) | 0.00% | Equity World | 3,576 | 0.17% | 14 | - | A40F93 | IE000DD75KQ5 |
| Vanguard FTSE 100 UCITS ETF (GBP) Accumulating | 0.37% | Equity United Kingdom | 100 | 0.09% | 1,669 | +13.71% | A2PFN4 | IE00BFMXYP42 |
| Vanguard FTSE Developed World UCITS ETF Distributing | 0.01% | Equity World | 2,013 | 0.12% | 3,175 | +26.75% | A12CX1 | IE00BKX55T58 |
| Amundi Stoxx Europe 600 UCITS ETF Acc | 0.08% | Equity Europe | 606 | 0.07% | 8,568 | +8.43% | LYX0Q0 | LU0908500753 |
| HSBC FTSE 100 UCITS ETF GBP | 0.38% | Equity United Kingdom | 100 | 0.07% | 603 | +13.60% | A0N9WS | IE00B42TW061 |
| L&G Gerd Kommer Multifactor Equity UCITS ETF USD Accumulating | 0.04% | Equity World Multi-Factor Strategy | 3,647 | 0.50% | 349 | +21.03% | WELT0A | IE0001UQQ933 |
| Amundi STOXX Europe 600 ESG UCITS ETF DR EUR (C) | 0.10% | Equity Europe Social/Environmental | 481 | 0.18% | 780 | +8.36% | A2H57X | LU1681040223 |
| HSBC MSCI World Small Cap ESG UCITS ETF USD (Acc) | 0.27% | Equity World Small Cap | 1,144 | 0.25% | 59 | +14.91% | A3DUNV | IE000C692SN6 |
| Amundi Index Equity Global Multi Smart Allocation Scientific Beta UCITS ETF DR EUR (C) | 0.04% | Equity World Multi-Factor Strategy | 1,094 | 0.40% | 37 | +20.14% | A2DR4K | LU1602145119 |
| Xtrackers Stoxx Europe 600 UCITS ETF 2C - EUR Hedged | 0.08% | Equity Europe | 603 | 0.25% | 9 | +7.22% | DBX0QN | LU1772333404 |
| SPDR MSCI Europe Small Cap Value Weighted UCITS ETF | 0.94% | Equity Europe Small Cap | 844 | 0.30% | 208 | +4.03% | A12HU7 | IE00BSPLC298 |
| Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF Dist | 0.00% | Equity World | 2,396 | 0.15% | 66 | +26.76% | A3D7QY | IE0000QLH0G6 |
| Amundi MSCI Europe Small Cap ESG Climate Net Zero Ambition CTB UCITS ETF Dist | 0.87% | Equity Europe Small Cap Climate Change | 832 | 0.23% | 81 | +6.32% | ETF045 | LU2572257470 |
| Invesco FTSE All Share ESG Climate UCITS ETF Dist | 1.52% | Equity United Kingdom Social/Environmental Climate Change | 80 | 0.12% | 39 | +13.54% | A2QMP9 | IE00BN7J5Z03 |
| HSBC UK Sustainable Equity UCITS ETF GBP (Dist) | 0.70% | Equity United Kingdom Social/Environmental | 81 | 0.12% | 9 | +15.27% | A3DQXA | IE00046S3PW1 |
| SPDR FTSE UK All Share UCITS ETF | 0.31% | Equity United Kingdom | 536 | 0.20% | 482 | +13.76% | A1JT1A | IE00B7452L46 |
| iShares Core FTSE 100 UCITS ETF GBP (Acc) | 0.38% | Equity United Kingdom | 102 | 0.07% | 2,671 | +13.75% | A0YEDM | IE00B53HP851 |
| Franklin STOXX Europe 600 Paris Aligned Climate UCITS ETF | 0.10% | Equity Europe Social/Environmental Climate Change | 455 | 0.15% | 53 | +6.02% | A2P5CM | IE00BMDPBY65 |
| Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF EUR PfHdg Acc | 0.00% | Equity World | 2,396 | 0.20% | 3 | +20.81% | A3EC3H | IE0006VDD4K1 |
| SPDR FTSE UK All Share UCITS ETF | 0.31% | Equity United Kingdom | 536 | 0.20% | 108 | +13.73% | A2JHMP | IE00BD5FCF91 |
| Xtrackers Stoxx Europe 600 UCITS ETF 1D | 0.08% | Equity Europe | 603 | 0.07% | 322 | +8.39% | DBX0TR | LU2581375156 |
| Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF Acc | 0.00% | Equity World | 2,396 | 0.15% | 676 | +26.68% | A3D7QX | IE000716YHJ7 |
| SPDR MSCI Europe Small Cap UCITS ETF | 0.80% | Equity Europe Small Cap | 866 | 0.30% | 246 | +7.94% | A1191W | IE00BKWQ0M75 |
| Vanguard ESG Developed Europe All Cap UCITS ETF (EUR) Distributing | 0.11% | Equity Europe Social/Environmental | 1,027 | 0.12% | 21 | +9.17% | A3DJQ9 | IE000NRGX9M3 |
| iShares MSCI World Small Cap UCITS ETF | 0.12% | Equity World Small Cap | 3,321 | 0.35% | 4,796 | +16.96% | A2DWBY | IE00BF4RFH31 |
| Amundi MSCI UK IMI SRI PAB UCITS ETF DR EUR (C) | 1.16% | Equity United Kingdom Social/Environmental | 113 | 0.18% | 42 | +15.82% | A2ATZS | LU1437025023 |
| First Trust United Kingdom AlphaDEX UCITS ETF Dist | 2.89% | Equity United Kingdom Multi-Factor Strategy | 74 | 0.65% | 3 | +13.59% | A2AFTR | IE00BD9N0445 |
| iShares STOXX Europe Mid 200 UCITS ETF (DE) | 0.69% | Equity Europe Mid Cap | 200 | 0.21% | 387 | +5.06% | 593399 | DE0005933998 |
| Vanguard FTSE Developed Europe UCITS ETF (EUR) Accumulating | 0.09% | Equity Europe | 530 | 0.10% | 946 | +9.44% | A2PLBK | IE00BK5BQX27 |
| Vanguard FTSE All-World UCITS ETF (USD) Distributing | 0.01% | Equity World | 3,599 | 0.22% | 15,407 | +26.14% | A1JX52 | IE00B3RBWM25 |
| Xtrackers MSCI Europe Small Cap UCITS ETF 1C | 0.76% | Equity Europe Small Cap | 873 | 0.30% | 1,966 | +4.94% | DBX1AU | LU0322253906 |
| Xtrackers World Biodiversity Focus SRI UCITS ETF 1C | 0.08% | Equity World Social/Environmental | 634 | 0.30% | 14 | +25.24% | DBX0UK | IE000E0V65D8 |
| First Trust United Kingdom AlphaDEX UCITS ETF Acc | 2.89% | Equity United Kingdom Multi-Factor Strategy | 74 | 0.65% | 8 | +14.67% | A1T862 | IE00B8X9NZ57 |
| UBS ETF (IE) MSCI UK IMI Socially Responsible UCITS ETF (hedged to CHF) A-dis | 0.90% | Equity United Kingdom Social/Environmental | 147 | 0.26% | 10 | +9.38% | A141GX | IE00BZ0RTB90 |
| SPDR MSCI World Small Cap UCITS ETF | 0.12% | Equity World Small Cap | 3,545 | 0.45% | 890 | +16.42% | A1W56P | IE00BCBJG560 |
| Amundi UK Equity All Cap UCITS ETF Dist | 0.34% | Equity United Kingdom | 244 | 0.04% | 537 | +14.01% | LYX0YA | LU1781541096 |
| Amundi STOXX Europe 600 ESG II UCITS ETF Dist | 0.10% | Equity Europe Social/Environmental | 478 | 0.19% | 35 | +7.69% | ETF960 | DE000ETF9603 |
| Vanguard ESG Developed Europe All Cap UCITS ETF (EUR) Accumulating | 0.11% | Equity Europe Social/Environmental | 1,027 | 0.12% | 91 | +9.09% | A3DJTF | IE000QUOSE01 |
| Vanguard FTSE All-World High Dividend Yield UCITS ETF Distributing | 0.03% | Equity World Dividend | 2,116 | 0.29% | 4,749 | +16.52% | A1T8FV | IE00B8GKDB10 |
| iShares Core FTSE 100 UCITS ETF (Dist) | 0.38% | Equity United Kingdom | 102 | 0.07% | 13,429 | +13.97% | 552752 | IE0005042456 |
| UBS ETF (IE) MSCI World Small Cap Socially Responsible UCITS ETF (USD) A-acc | 0.51% | Equity World Small Cap | 762 | 0.23% | 438 | +13.42% | A3CMCT | IE00BKSCBX74 |
| Amundi Stoxx Europe 600 UCITS ETF - EUR Hedged Dist | 0.08% | Equity Europe | 606 | 0.15% | 107 | +6.95% | LYX0WH | LU1574142243 |
| Vanguard FTSE Developed Europe UCITS ETF Distributing | 0.09% | Equity Europe | 530 | 0.10% | 3,072 | +8.92% | A1T8FS | IE00B945VV12 |
| UBS ETF (LU) FTSE 100 UCITS ETF (GBP) A-dis | 0.38% | Equity United Kingdom | 100 | 0.20% | 81 | +13.91% | 794362 | LU0136242590 |
| Invesco FTSE All-World UCITS ETF CHF PfHdg Acc | 0.00% | Equity World | 2,396 | 0.20% | 3 | - | A3EKP3 | IE000SHR0UX9 |
| iShares MSCI World Small Cap ESG Enhanced UCITS ETF USD (Acc) | 0.11% | Equity World Small Cap | 2,278 | 0.35% | 59 | +16.12% | A3C14G | IE000T9EOCL3 |
| Amundi MSCI UK IMI SRI PAB UCITS ETF DR GBP (C) | 1.16% | Equity United Kingdom Social/Environmental | 113 | 0.18% | 40 | +12.41% | A2ATZT | LU1437025296 |
| Vanguard ESG Global All Cap UCITS ETF (USD) Accumulating | 0.01% | Equity World Social/Environmental | 5,774 | 0.24% | 450 | +26.57% | A2QL8U | IE00BNG8L278 |
| HSBC Developed World Sustainable Equity UCITS ETF USD | 0.03% | Equity World Social/Environmental | 783 | 0.18% | 160 | +23.35% | A2PXVJ | IE00BKY59K37 |
| UBS ETF (IE) MSCI UK IMI Socially Responsible UCITS ETF (hedged to EUR) A-acc | 0.90% | Equity United Kingdom Social/Environmental | 147 | 0.26% | 87 | +10.82% | A2AH51 | IE00BYNQMK61 |
Order fees
Here you can find information about different brokers that allow you to trade stocks. Select your preferred order volume to compare the fees charged by the respective brokers.
Order volume:
| Broker | Rating | Order fee | Stock savings plans | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 | 0.99€ | 1000 | View offer* | |
 | 1.00€ | 2500 | View offer* | |
 | 0.00€ | 2500 | View offer* | |
 | 0.00€ | 500 | View offer* | |
 | 0.00€ | 400 | View offer* |
Source: justETF Research; As of 12/2024; *Affiliate link
— The offers are sorted in the following way: 1. Rating 2. Order fee 3. Number of stock savings plans. The number of stock savings plans is rounded.
— No guarantee can be given for the completeness and correctness of the information listed. The information provided by the online brokers is decisive. In addition to the indicated broker fees, additional costs (e.g. spreads, gratuities and product costs) may apply.
— The offers are sorted in the following way: 1. Rating 2. Order fee 3. Number of stock savings plans. The number of stock savings plans is rounded.
— No guarantee can be given for the completeness and correctness of the information listed. The information provided by the online brokers is decisive. In addition to the indicated broker fees, additional costs (e.g. spreads, gratuities and product costs) may apply.
Savings plan offers
Here you can find information about the savings plan availability for the stock. You can use the table to compare savings plan offers for the selected savings rate.
Select your savings amount:
| Broker | Rating | Execution fee | Account fee | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 0.00€ | 0.00€ | View offer* | |
| | 0.00€ | 0.00€ | View offer* | |
 | 1.50€ 1.50% | 0.00€ | View offer* | |
 | 1.50€ 1.50% | 0.00€ | View offer* |
Source: justETF Research; As of 12/2024; *Affiliate link
— The offers are sorted in the following way: 1. Rating 2. Execution fee 3. Number of stock savings plans. The number of stock savings plans is rounded.
— No guarantee can be given for the completeness and correctness of the information listed. The information provided by the online brokers is decisive. In addition to the indicated broker fees, additional costs (e.g. spreads, gratuities and product costs) may apply.
— The offers are sorted in the following way: 1. Rating 2. Execution fee 3. Number of stock savings plans. The number of stock savings plans is rounded.
— No guarantee can be given for the completeness and correctness of the information listed. The information provided by the online brokers is decisive. In addition to the indicated broker fees, additional costs (e.g. spreads, gratuities and product costs) may apply.
Performance
Returns overview
| YTD | +44.48% |
| 1 month | +3.62% |
| 3 months | +3.62% |
| 6 months | +26.87% |
| 1 year | +45.40% |
| 3 years | +72.83% |
| 5 years | +78.21% |
| Since inception (MAX) | -26.25% |
| 2023 | +124.82% |
| 2022 | -50.00% |
| 2021 | +81.94% |
| 2020 | -39.69% |
Monthly returns in a heat map
Risk
Risk metrics in this section:
- Volatility, annualised, measured for 1, 3 and 5 year periods. The annualised volatility reflects the degree of price fluctuations during a one year period. The higher the volatility, the more significantly the price of the asset (stock, ETF, etc.) has changed in the past. Assets with higher volatility are generally considered more risky. We calculate the volatility based on the data for the past 1, 3 and 5 years so that you can see if price fluctuations for the ETF became stronger or weaker over time.
- Return per risk for 1, 3 and 5 year periods. This is the annualised (i.e. converted to a one year period) past return divided by the past annualised volatility. The metric puts the historical return of an asset in relation to its historical risk and gives you a retrospective indication of the degree of price fluctuation you had to bear with in order to obtain the return. We calculate this parameter for 1, 3 and 5 year periods to display its evolution over time.
- Maximum drawdown for a period. This shows the worst possible loss an investor could have suffered during the respective period, by first buying and subsequently selling the asset at the least favourable prices. For example, if there was the following sequence of daily ETF prices: 10€, 5€, 12€, 20€, an investor would have suffered the worst loss by buying for 10€ and subsequently selling for 5€. Therefore in this case the maximum drawdown would be (5€ - 10€)/10€ = -50%.
Risk overview
| Volatility 1 year | 25.15% |
| Volatility 3 years | 35.54% |
| Volatility 5 years | 41.69% |
| Return per risk 1 year | 1.80 |
| Return per risk 3 years | 0.56 |
| Return per risk 5 years | 0.29 |
| Maximum drawdown 1 year | -20.99% |
| Maximum drawdown 3 years | -65.92% |
| Maximum drawdown 5 years | -65.92% |
| Maximum drawdown since inception | -88.49% |
Rolling 1 year volatility
— Data provided by Trackinsight, etfinfo, Xignite Inc., gettex, FactSet and justETF GmbH. Quotes are either real-time (gettex) or 15 minutes delayed stock exchange quotes or NAVs (daily published by the fund provider). By default, ETF returns include dividend payments (if applicable). There is no warranty for completeness, accuracy and correctness for the displayed information.